Second Language Learning Story Telling

Question: Describe about the Second Language Learning for Story Telling. Answer: 1. Story telling is an interesting procedure to engross every individual in the activity. It can be taken to develop a better speaking and listening skills in students. It helps in enhancing understanding skills in students coming from different cultures. Student coming from non-English countries faces problem in speaking and understanding English. It causes a major problem while accommodating in a different culture. In the given case study there are student from the different cultural background who are facing problem in speaking and writing English language. It is recommended to involve them in a playful activity to help them in understanding the foreign language. Speaking English is difficult for those who are using their native language since childhood. The problems need to be dealt efficiently with a group involvement. The following activity can be helpful for the students to understand English in a playful manner: Firstly divide the group in 3. Name each team as Team A, Team B, Team C. Every team has to appoint a team leader who will keep a record in his diary. The leader has the responsibility to keep a record of individual activity in the group. Group Activity helps in creating mutual cooperation. Secondly make them sit in a circle and begin with a story telling by adding short sentence which makes complete sense. For every correct sentence each team will receive 5 points. Student has to add a sentence relevant to the previous one. She/he must speak the sentence very loud. Participation of every student is compulsory in the activity. The story telling will continue until it makes a logical conclusion. The topic has to be chosen by the instructor. It is suggested to choose a general topic so that every student can participate equally. Instructor must try to take an interesting topic to keep interest of every participant in the activity. At an initial stage instructor should choose an easy topic. Focus must be paid on common topic like global warming, environment; etc. Instructor must take mutual assent from every individual in the group regarding the topic. This assessment would help in building confidence in every student. Every sentence should be relevant to the previous one. Moreover teams should build on the sentence before it is received. Team can discuss among each other before confirming it. Each team will get 15 seconds to frame an appropriate sentence. The team has an option to pass it to other. In case of an inappropriate and illogical sentence 5 point will be deducted from the team score. In case if the previous team made a mistake, the other team can correct it. An extra point will be awarded to the other team in such a case. For every passed sentence the other team will get bonus points. It is advised to student that they equally participate. The instructor will keep the record of whole activity in his diary. The group activity will allow the students to think widely. The goal of the activity is to create a logical story. The instructor can record the whole procedure to keep a track on the story. They have an option to hold a picture while making sentences. This group activity will help the student to develop a comprehensive listening and speaking skills. It will develop a better understanding among the students while listening closely to each other. This activity will help students to critically examine their knowledge. This activity will ensure better understanding among the students. Story telling is an interesting way to ensure continuous learning in the group. It should involve only generic topic of individual interest. The group activity requires only 20 minutes. These activities should be carried out on a regular basis to nurture the skills in students. For example Global Warming is a big global and social issue. Instructor must find a topic which is simple and requires basic knowledge. Student awareness is important to achieve equal participation. These tasks will help the student in developing the skills in an easy and simple manner. It will keep every individual interest which will help in accomplishing the task. This is a short exercise which will help student to grow while learning in a healthy atmosphere. Story telling is a most appropriate activity carried in schools at a kindergarten level. However it can be used by developing basic understanding in those students who cannot understand English properly. It is an easy an amicable way to build efficiency among the students. People from foreign country are facing trouble in English speaking and listening. The ESL helps in motivating students in an easy manner to develop better skills which will help them to grow. This activity has multiple benefits which will help both the instructor and the student. The activity has aim to attract maximum attention of the students. Instructor should carry such activity on a daily basis. It will hold everyones interest in the activity. Group activities are important to build a healthy atmosphere in an institution. Everyone come across various issues while learning a second language. This process will help students in achieving the desired result 2. An instructor can adopt various activities which can help in developing an interactive atmosphere in the institution. He should focus on developing those skills which would help students to grasp the information in an easy manner. These games help in managing a high level of energy in a group (Brantmeier.2009). There is no ideal age to learn a second language. In a competitive environment it has become important to adopt the changes which are taking place in the surroundings. Language is an important medium to interact with each other. Every region has its own language to communicate thoughts. It plays an important role to forward our views regarding any purpose. Regional diversity has led to communication issues. There are thousands of languages which are spoken at different places. For the purpose the world has accepted a common language English which is used by everyone around the world to communicate his/her views. Student from non-English countries faces problem in understanding it (Cook.2016). Cultural diversity is the reason behind vast gap in between people and their behavior. Moreover language plays a crucial role in assimilating the ideas of different people under one roof. There is a necessity to inculcate an attractive group activity in the institution. This will help the studen ts from the non-English background to develop a better understanding in a playful manner. Story telling can be taken as an activity to involve every individual in the group to serve the purpose. The sole purpose of the activity is learning through fun. It will help in eliminating the issues which a person faces while communicating his ideas. Learning a second language is not a day procedure, it involves daily commitment and continuous hard work (Randall.2007). One should always engage himself in practicing a second language to develop good skills. It is obvious that a person will make error in the beginning. One should learn from his mistakes. Learning a second language is not a herculean task although a commitment is appreciated while focusing over it (Myles Mitchell.2014). Initial grammatical mistakes should be ignored while learning a new language. Continuous motivation is necessary to achieve the desired result. It is very difficult for an individual to develop a good understanding of the language (Ellis.2009). The Natural approach towards the language acquisition is based on the karashans monitor model. This theory focus on the natural acquisition of language. This process helps in acquiring a second language in a decent easy manner. There are various points which need to be kept in mind while earning a language competency. It is essential for a person to develop a grammatical competency. Sociolinguistic competency is recommended to be used as per the audience and the purpose behind it. The strategic goal behind learning new language is to meet communicative goals. Second language learning involves both written and spoken competency. One needs to focus on building a desired framework to achieve the result. Second language competency can be attained through regular activities undertaken by the institution. More focus need to be given while strategic enforcement of activities carried at the place. Both individual and the institution must set a goal to attain the desired result. People are exposed to new language at the workplace or at any other place of interaction. Schools are more focused on providing instruction in the native language. Less focus is been given to a foreign language .It is mostly seen that the children in the school learning through interaction outside the school. Various institutions are focusing on systematic learning of the foreign language by presenting the problem step-wise. A learner is exposed to several different kinds of languages. The errors are rarely corrected as people around are seldom interested in correcting him. Second language is taught to the foreign student. It is essential to focus on the language instead of the content. Instructors should be focused on ensuring vocabulary and grammatical target (Mantero.2007). Story telling is an activity carried out to learn English in a playful manner. The activity is carried by the students to adapt the new language. English is an essential language which is adopted by the world as a common mode of interaction. Story telling is a simple activity which will help people to learn the language easily. Global interaction has created an urgency to learn a second language. It helps in easy interaction while making trade relations. There are many countries in the world which are using their native language while communicating with each other. Hence there is a necessity to learn while focusing on the activity. It is a very easy activity which builds interest of each individual in the group (Nakata.2006). Learning in a fun manner creates attention of every individual in the group. A study says learning in a playful manner holds interest of every person and it helps in individual growth. Oral recitation of story holds attention of every individual in the group and creates better understanding. It gives ample of exposure and enhances confidence of an individual. It is a procedural manner where a person builds competency sequentially. At an initial level the person is allowed to make short sentences. The level of the activity can be increased slowly and gradually. Involving group activity promotes the concept of mutual help which creates an amicable environment within the organization (Gonzalez.2004). Motivation is an important tool while learning a new language. It is held that motivation is the reason behind the success of a new language. It is an incentive to learn a second language outside the classroom. Inadequate motivation can lead to failure while learning the second language. As per Zoltan Dornyei, the second language learning has three phases which are the social psychology period, the cognitive situated period, finally the process oriented period. Language is learned in a systematic procedure. Different phases depict the psychology of an individual while going through the transitions. Second language learning is different from leaning a new subject as it is connected with cultural disposition and identity. For example people in China are more curious to learn English to pass various foreign language examinations. It provides them with a chance to interact with the westerners. There are two type of motivational; theories which are attached with the individual conduct (i. e. intrinsic and extrinsic). Intrinsic is regarded as the motivation from inside whereas extrinsic motivation is regarded as the motivation from outside. There can be any reason behind the external motivation. People understand the importance of learning a second language. The global atmosphere has caused multiple changes around the world. There are at time necessities to undergo complete transition to adopt the changes which are developing around the world. Various scholars have proposed different theories regarding the second language learning. A teacher plays a crucial role while motivating students. But traditional teaching techniques are hindering the whole procedure of learning a new language. New techniques need to be evolved to accept the challenges one faces while adopting the changes (Lange Paige.2003). Semantic theory is regarding understanding the meaning of the language. There are various types of meanings like lexical, semantic and pragmatic. This contributes in better understanding of the language under different circumstances. Lexical is regarding the meaning which is stored behind the word. Grammatical meaning is understood while assimilating the actual meaning of the sentence. Semantic meaning is related to word mentioned. Pragmatic meaning deals with the context behind the sentence. Semantic theory are universal applicable while learning a new language. Socio-cultural theory deals with the cultural integration taking place around the world. The notion behind this theory is social benefit (Muoz.2012). Universal grammar is an approach which is used while setting the correct parameters in term of the second language. This theory provides with a natural phenomenon while understanding a new language. The short coming behind this theory is that it doesnt deal with the psychological processes which are involved while learning a new language. Input hypothesis theory collects the information from the target language only. The target language is considered as an input. The whole procedure is understood as a procedure while developing the understanding of the language. There are various models which have helped in understanding the second language in different atmosphere. These theories have universal applicability. They can be applied in every situation. Second language theories are applied by the instructor while developing the learning procedure (Mc Caul.2016). The Input Processing Approachhelps the student in acquiring the vocabulary based learning. a student acquires information from t he dictionary to find the actual meaning of the language while using it. Group activities are prepared by the scholars to involve participation of each individual in the learning procedure. Interactionist theory focuses on deriving the language skill through the social interaction. Human being learn from their surroundings. It help them to evolve and grasp the external environment. Interactive learning is necessary to be developed to meet the purpose behind the activity. An effective and efficient plan is necessary to promote the interest of each individual involved in the activity. Various academicians have developed systematic plans to inculcate learning in the regular procedure. Languages can be taught at any place whether under a formal setting or an informal place. It develops in a sequential manner while meeting the requirements which are aligned with an activity. Basic interpersonal communication skills are required while managing the learning procedure (The Five Principles of Effective Second Language Acquisition.2016). Classroom learning plays a vital role at an initial stage. Students are given elementary information which helps them to build the basic understanding. Most of the foreign countries consider English as a secondary language. People living in those countries faces problem in speaking and writing English. Elementary knowledge helps in developing the basic understanding of the subject. Under such a situation it is recommended to start developing the basic skills. Activity based learning is an interactive technique which develop interest of each individual involved in the activity. Group involvement is necessary for developing the skills required for the second language. It is required that an individual practice the language outside the classroom. The true test regarding the learning takes place outside the classroom. A student faces real life situations which helps him to develop second language. This will help in developing better interpersonal skills (Freeman.2000). Course structure should be developed keeping in mind the different level. At an early stage instructor should focus on developing the basic skills. The instructor should focus on upgrading the course structure with the passage of time. It will help to develop a better understanding related to the subject. Vocabulary enhancement exercise is essential while choosing the words in future related to the topic. There are various skills which are aligned with the course while acquiring the knowledge of a second language. Students come across many problems while learning a new language. It may be due to the difficulty level or the course structure. It is the responsibility of the teacher to develop a structure as per the needs of the students. Students should practice with each other. This will help in developing a better understanding which will help users to retrieve a good result in future. Various theories have helped in managing a better understanding among the students. These theories have mutually helped the instructor and the students in developing a better understanding. Numerous academicians have given theories like the Acquisition Learning Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, The Input Hypothesis, the Effective Filter Hypothesis. These theories have helped the instructor in understanding the problems a student come across while managing the psychological issues. These activity based theory has helped students in developing the students interest in the subject. Changes are hard to be accepted due to external diversity. Under such an environment it is recommended to develop a technique to engross the interest of each individual into the activity. Theories are applied as per the interest of the students and the circumstances. A teacher has plenty responsibilities to deal with the issues faced by the students. Outer responsibility need to be given equal attention while dealing with the problems which are faced by the students. There are various activities which help in learning a second language. These days various organizations are forcing the employees to learn a new language. It helps in developing trade relationship with those living in the other countries. Introducing various activities at the learning institution helps in engrossing interest of every individual. These second language learning helps the student in meeting the international standards in a playful manner. Different institutions have introduced different types of activities to hold attention of every individual. The instructor has to incorporate various theories to develop a better learning experience. Second language learning is not a difficult procedure if carried out in a systematic manner. However it is suggested that the playful activities help in gripping individual interest. Class-room based learning is monotonous and hurdles the overall growth of an individual. It is recommended to the instructor that he should incorporate a syst ematic procedure which would help in overall improvement of the student. This activity has an everlasting effect on the mental growth of a student. These activities are helpful for the future growth of an individual while keeping in mind the current status of the student. Every culture propagates their local language at an elementary level hence English is given a status of secondary language. Learning can be induced in a playful manner through a better planning procedure. References Brantmeier, C.2009. Crossing Languages and Research Methods: Analyses of Adult Foreign Language Reading. IAP Cook, V.2016. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching: Fifth Edition. Routledge Dodigovic, M.2005. Artificial Intelligence in Second Language Learning: Raising Error Awareness. Multilingual Matters Ellis, R.2009. Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching. Multilingual Matters Freeman, D.2000. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press Gonzalez, V.2004. Second Language Learning: Cultural Adaptation Processes in International Graduate Students in U.S. Universities. University Press of America Lange, D Paige, R.2003. Culture as the Core: Perspectives on Culture in Second Language Learning. IAP Mantero, M.2007. Identity and Second Language Learning: Culture, Inquiry, and Dialogic Activity in Educational Contexts.IAP Mc Caul, R.2016. Can we learn a second language like we learned our first? Online. Retrieved from: https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/can-we-learn-second-language-we-learned-our-first Accessed on: 17 October 2016 Muoz, C.2012. Intensive Exposure Experiences in Second Language Learning. Multilingual Matters Myles, F Mitchell, R.2014. Second Language Learning Theories. Routledge Nakata, Y.2006. Motivation and Experience in Foreign Language Learning. Peter Lang Randall, M.2007. Memory, Psychology and Second Language Learning Language Teaching. John Benjamins Publishing The Five Principles of Effective Second Language Acquisition.2016. Online. Retrieved from: https://www.transparent.com/white-papers/second-language.html Accessed on: 17 October 2016

Oman Oiltanking Terminals & Co Llc Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Oman Oiltanking Terminals Co Llc. Answer: Introduction Operations management has two attributes i.e. operation and management. Operations are executed to accomplish the tasks in an appropriate manner while management is responsible for managing and directing all the tasks of the organization in such a way so that desired outcomes could be acquired. In this report, operations management of Oman Oiltanking Terminals Co. LLC (OTO) will be covered with the view to analyse their efficiency and position in the international marketplace. It is positioned at entrance of the Arabian Gulf. Oman is yet to open a world class port in Sohar which will describe the significance of new era for Sultanate. Apart from this, it primary activities are providing storage facilities to other companies in relation with petroleum products, gases and chemicals. Primary aim of the organization is to serve the Middle East region and from Gulf to other continents and regions (Slack, Brandon-Jones Johnston, 2013). Primary activities of an oiltanking company are to adopt advance and effective quality measures for improving the service effectiveness and quality as quality factor plays vital role in the success and growth of oiltanking industry. Apart from the quality measures, oiltanking companies also need to concentrate over its process designing, inventory management, etc. This helps the organization to promote its services in the target market which is essential with the objective of uplifting the position of the organization in the market as well as to accomplish desired goals and objectives in the market (Oiltanking Terminals Co. LLC, 2018). Operation management of OTC In operation management of Oman Oiltanking Terminals Co. LLC, various processes are included which focuses on management of activities, improvisation of service quality as well as to manage activities of the organization in appropriate manner so that the desired goals could be accomplished. In the process management procedure, organization analyses available resources of within the workplace and also focuses over adopting required measures so that the organizational performance could be uplifted along with developing a significant image in the target market. In this report, quality management operation of OTO will be discussed in relevance with process designing, quality and inventory management (Olhager, 2013). Quality management This factor plays crucial role in OTOs operations as it is a service based enterprise; hence, improving service quality is a necessity in terms of maintaining effective position in the market. With the help of providing high quality services to its target audience, OTO has been able to maximise returns and distributing attractive benefits to its stakeholders. Adopting advanced quality measures helps the organization to develop and maintain its significant image amongst its potential and target customers. Along with this, it also helps the company to upgrade its service quality so that the customer base could be increased and organization could be able to expand its operations in the target market (Glcan, et. al., 2013). In recent years, complexities in this industry is increasing rapidly and due to this, oiltanking companies have moved towards invention in order to make their separate identity from its competitors as well as to attain competitive advantage in the target market. Apart from the adaptation of unique measures, OTO focuses over improving customer care services. Customers are most important segment of a service-based enterprise, thus, adopting customer care measures has helped the organization to develop positive image amongst the target audience for company. Organization has adopted various safety measures which are necessary in terms of their operations (Waterman, 2014). Inventory Management This is a crucial operation for oiltanking industry which directly affects performance and position of the organization in the target market. Inventory management deals in managing raw material, finished goods, deliveries, sales and all other attributes which relates with the inventory. Generally, this process is executed by a manufacturing industry and as OTO is also one of those enterprises, thus, inventory management technique could be adopted by them. With regards to the management of raw materials, work in progress, etc., OTO uses sundry measures such as independent demand, dependent demand, just in time inventory, etc. (Gulcan, et. al., 2014). Effective management of inventory helps the organization to measure reorder point, asset tracking, service management, product identification, and inventory optimisation. All these situations have a huge impact over organizational performance. Optimum utilisation of inventory management technique has increased OTOs efficiency through which they are providing number of services such as storage of petroleum, chemical and gases, transfer from tank to tank, truck container loading, injection of activities, etc. (Gorla, Somers Wong, 2010). Process Design While executing process designing for an oiltanking company, it is necessary to consider all relevant factors which plays crucial role in performing the tasks of the organization. In this scenario, OTO is rendering various services, thus, it is required to consider characteristics of service and other relevant factors of service. This is necessary for designing of the process as well as to manage operations of the organization in an effective manner (Fan, 2012). Service characteristics are: Intangible in nature Instant Can be consumed and produced at the same time, etc. Apart from the characteristics of service, OTO also considers various dimensions of service and quality in process designing which helps them to enhance its performance in the marketplace. Primary objective of process designing is to produce effective services so that consumer satisfaction and related objectives could be acquired. OTOs process design has the potential to produce effective services through utilisation of available resources (Jingfeng, et. al., 2013). Apart from this, it has been observed that their process management techniques are effective enough to maintain consistency in managing service quality. Quality management is a vital aspect for service based enterprises, thus, it is necessary for them to conduct all the activities in such a manner so that organization could be able to uplift its performance along with the development of an effective image in the target market. Above discussed activities describe the significance of quality management and it also helps the organization in decision making process. Decision making process involves analysing relevant scenarios and reaching to a final call through utilising all available resources so that desired outcomes could be acquired (Jahanshani, et. al., 2014). Following measures could be adopted for uplifting organizational performance: Keeping employees in loop: It has been observed that sharing companys missions, vision with the employees makes attainment of organizational desired goals an easy task. Thus, while making plans for accomplishment of goals and objectives, it is necessary to involve the employees in decision making process and it should be ensured that the plans are developed as per employee efficiency. Technology upgradation: In oiltanking industry, technological factor plays vital role. Thus, it has been recommended to OTO to adopt technological advancements on regular basis. This will help the organization to meet up with the latest trends, customer needs and wants, etc. (Wilson, et. al., 2012). Strengths and Weaknesses of OTC Reviewing strengths and weaknesses helps the organization to analyse its efficiency in comparison with the external business environment. Strengths are positive points for an organization which describes its capabilities while weaknesses describe incapacities of organization. Both these factors are part of internal analysis and control over these measures could also be imposed. Strengths: Oman Oiltanking Terminals Co. LLC offers various services such as product storage, ISO container loading, circulation and blending of homogenizing, pipeline transfer, etc. Petroleum, chemical, gas, etc. products are handled by OTO. It has the largest capacity of 1,366,640 cbm across the country. Apart from this, OTO also offers unique pipeline connections such as ORPIC Refinery, OMC methanol plant and AOL Aromatics plant (Jahanshani, et. al., 2014). Weaknesses: Much dependent over domestic market for growth and expansion Due to limited market share, low revenues and profitability. In order to overcome from these weaknesses, organization is required to adopt effective measures along with sources for arranging funds. This is required for expansion of the organization in the international market (Wilson, et. al., 2012). Conclusion From the aforesaid information, it can be concluded that OTO is executing its operations in domestic market, thus, expansion is required. In this report, operation management of OTO has been discussed in respect of quality management operation. Along with this, efficiency of the organization has also been discussed in comparison with its limitations. Along with this, major products and services of the organization have also been discussed. Scope of improvement has also been discussed through which OTO could expand its operations to other parts of the globe which will lead to increase the revenues and market share in the international oiltanking industry. References Fan, Z., 2012. Inventory Information Collection and Management System of Gas Station [J].Computer Measurement Control,7, p.088. Gorla, N., Somers, T.M. and Wong, B., 2010. Organizational impact of system quality, information quality, and service quality.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,19(3), pp.207-228. Gulcan, T.A., Esmer, S., Zorba, Y. and Sengoniil, G., 2013. Factors Affecting Operational Ef?ciency of Chemical Cargo Terminals: A Qualitative Approach.Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation: Maritime Transport Shipping, p.27. Glcan, T.A., Esmer, S., Zorba, Y. and ?engnl, G., 2014. Determinants of Operational Efficiency at Chemical Cargo Terminals.TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety od Sea Transportation,8(2). Jahanshani, A.A., Hajizadeh, G.M.A., Mirdhamadi, S.A., Nawaser, K. and Khaksar, S.M.S., 2014. Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Jingfeng, Z., Guangping, S., Gangqiang, Z. and Jinling, L., 2013. Optimization of the flash gas treatment process for a high-H2S natural gas purification plant.Natural Gas Industry,33(7), pp.108-112. Kassim, N. and Asiah Abdullah, N., 2010. The effect of perceived service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in e-commerce settings: A cross cultural analysis.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,22(3), pp.351-371. Oiltanking Terminals Co. LLC, 2018. Services. Accessed on 21st March 2018 from https://www.oiltanking.com/Oiltanking/en/services/terminals/oil_storage/middle_east/oiltanking_oman_sohar.php Olhager, J., 2013. Evolution of operations planning and control: from production to supply chains.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6836-6843. Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. and Johnston, R., 2013.Operations management. Pearson. Waterman, A.S., 2014.Service-learning: Applications from the research. Routledge. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J. and Gremler, D.D., 2012.Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill.

Organizational Behavior and Design Essay Example

Organizational Behavior and Design Essay You are the manager of a Hotel. You have decided to apply the Big Five Model in order to understand your employees and their work habits because it is generally supported by an impressive body of research. You want to use the five dimensions of personality to match individuals with jobs to which they are well-suited. You know that your customers are demanding and sometimes difficult. As a result the job is stressful and makes employees feel insecure. Which personality dimension taps a persons ability to cope with this job? Discuss. The Big Five Model or the five-factor model of personality which is typically called the Big Five-?has received Strong supporting evidence. An impressive body of research supports that five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most of the significant variation in human personality. Research on the Big Five has found relationships between these personality dimensions and job performance. From the Big Five factors I. E. Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to experience (McCrae Costa, 1 997), the one factor that taps a persons ability to cope with stress is Emotional Stability. Let us see the five factors one by one and how emotional stability is the factor answering our question above. Extroversion Extroversion includes traits such as sociability, assertiveness, activity and talkativeness. Extraverts are energetic and optimistic. Introverts are reserved rather than unfriendly, independent rather than followers, even- paced rather than sluggish. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Design specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior and Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Extroversion is characterized by positive feelings and experiences and is therefore seen as a positive affect (Clark Watson, 1991). It was found that Extroversion is a valid predictor of performance in jobs characterized by social interaction, such as sales personnel and managers (Barrack Mount, 1991; Pincher et al. , 1998). Johnson (1997) found a positive relationship between Extroversion and job performance of police personnel, and explained this relationship in terms of the high level of interaction in the police service. Agreeableness An agreeable person is fundamentally altruistic, sympathetic to others and eager to help them, and in return believes that others will be equally helpful. The disagreeable/antagonistic person is egocentric, skeptical of others intentions, and competitive rather than co-operative. According to Teeth et al. (1991 Agreeableness is a significant predictor Of job performance. Salad (1997) found that Agreeableness is related to training success. The co-operative nature of agreeable individuals may lead to success in occupations where teamwork and customer service are relevant (ledge et al. , 1999). Conscientiousness Conscientiousness refers to self-control and the active process of planning, organizing and carrying out tasks (Barrack Mount, 1993). The conscientious person is purposeful, strong-willed and determined. Conscientiousness is manifested in achievement orientation (hardworking and persistent), dependability (responsible and careful) and orderliness (planned and organized). On the negative side, high Conscientiousness may lead to annoying fastidiousness, compulsive neatness or workaholic behavior. Low scorers may not necessarily lack moral principles, but they are less exacting in applying them. Barman, White, Pulaski and People (1991) and Hough et al. (1990) found a correlation of 0,80 between reliability (an aspect of Conscientiousness) and job performance. Various researchers (Barrack Mount, 1991; Barrack, Mount Strauss, 1993; Rink Ferns, 1999) reported significant correlations between Conscientiousness and job performance. According to Jackets and Weaned (1 996), the relationship teens Conscientiousness and job performance could be attributed to the conceptual relationship between Conscientiousness and integrity. Furthermore, autonomy and goal setting influence the relationship between Conscientiousness and job performance (Barrack Mount, 1993; Barrack et al. , 1993) Emotionally stability (often labeled by its converse, neurotics) this dimension taps a persons ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed and insecure. Neurotics is a dimension of normal personality indicating the general tendency to experience negative effects such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt and disgust. High scorers may be at risk of some kinds of psychiatric problems. A high Neurotics score indicates that a person is prone to having irrational ideas, being less able to control impulses, and coping poorly with stress. A low Neurotics score is indicative of emotional stability. These people are usually calm, even-tempered, relaxed and able to face stressful situations without becoming upset (Hough et al. , 990). HÂ ¶Raman and Massacre (1996) found that Neurotics is a predictor of performance in various occupations. Dunn, Mount, Barrack and Ones (1995) showed that emotional stability (the opposite of Neurotics) is the second most important characteristic that affects the employability of candidates. In a recent study Judge, Higgins, Theories and Barrack (1999) found that Neurotics is inversely related to job performance. However, according to Salad (1 997), Neurotics predicts job performance in certain circumstances. Openness to Experience Openness to Experience includes active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, a preference for variety, intellectual curiosity and independence of judgment. People scoring low on Openness tend to be conventional in behavior and conservative in outlook. They prefer the familiar to the novel, and their emotional responses are somewhat muted. People scoring high on Openness tend to be unconventional, willing to question authority and prepared to entertain new ethical, social and political ideas. Open individuals are curious about both inner and outer worlds, and their lives are experientially richer. They are willing to entertain novel ideas and unconventional values, and they experience both positive and negative emotions more keenly than do closed individuals. Research has shown that Openness to Experience is related to success in consulting (Hamilton, 1 988), training (Barrack Mount, 1991 ; Pincher et al. , 1998) and adapting to change. In contrast, Johnson (1997) found that successful employees (compared with unsuccessful employees) obtained significantly lower Scores on Openness. Teeth et al. (1 991 ) reported that Openness to Experience is not a valid predictor of job performance. A Seibel explanation for the contradictory results regarding the relationship between Openness to Experience and job performance is that different jobs have different requirements. In conclusion, according to the Social Science Dictionary, emotional stability is individuals steadiness of mood, their ability to withstand minor setbacks, failures, difficulties, and other stresses without becoming upset emotionally. Emotionally stable persons tolerate minor stresses and strains of day to day living without becoming emotionally upset, anxious, nervous, tense, or angry. They are able to maintain composure under minor emotional stress. They are fairly constant in their basic mood, and they generally revert quickly to that state following those occasions when they have experienced considerable stress or have been exceptionally provoked which may be a frequent case in serving Hotel customers. The unstable person, on the other hand, is subject to fairly wide, frequent, and often unpredictable mood shifts that may swing from pole to pole. Simply put, emotional stability refers to a persons ability to remain calm or even keel when faced with pressure or stress. Someone who is emotionally unstable is more volatile, which means the person faces an increased risk of exacting with violent or harmful behaviors when provoked. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be neo. us, anxious, depressed, and insecure. A workers emotional state influences customer service, which influences levels of repeat business and levels of customer satisfaction. Providing quality customer service makes demands on employees because it often puts them in a state of emotional dissonance. Over time, this state can lead to job burnout, declines in job performance, and lower job satisfaction. In addition, employees emotions may also be transferred to the customer. Studies indicate a matching effect between employee and customer emotions, which B practitioners call emotional contagion, the catching of emotions from others. How does emotional contagion work? The primary explanation is that when someone experiences positive emotions and laughs and smiles at you, you begin to copy that persons behavior. So when employees express positive emotions, customers tend to respond positively. Emotional contagion is important because when customers catch the positive moods Or emotions of employees, they feel encouraged to visit again. The verse also works in case of negative emotions and moods. When an employee is cranky or nasty, these negative emotions tend to have negative effects on customers. 2. Your management team is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Metastases is a 23-year-old single parent who is working for minimum wage. Yanks is 60 years old, extremely wealthy and works because he enjoys it. Hellion earns a good living. She is single, 45 years old and has few interests outside of the office. You have decided to attempt to apply Masons hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each Of these individuals. What is the need that you would expect that each is trying to satisfy? Discuss Measles Hierarchy of Needs (often represented as a pyramid with five levels of needs) is a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a pyramid. According to Masons hierarchy of needs, framed by A. Moscow, a U. S. Numismatic psychologist, it was explained that different human needs have different level of satisfaction. The hierarchy moves up from lower order needs such as physiological needs, safety and security, social needs to higher order hat is esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Individuals cannot move to the next higher level until all needs at the current (lower) level are satisfied. Abraham H. Moscow felt as though conditioning theories did not adequately capture the complexity Of human behavior. In a 1943 paper called A Theory of Human Motivation, Moscow presented the idea that human actions are directed toward goal attainment. Any given behavior could satisfy several functions at the same time. Measles Hierarchy of Needs has often been represented in a hierarchical pyramid with five levels. The four levels (lower order needs) are considered histological needs, while the top level of the pyramid is considered growth needs. The lower level needs must be satisfied before higher order needs can influence behavior. The levels are as follows: Physiological Needs These are needs required to sustain life, such as: air, water, nourishment, sleep. According to Measles theory, if such needs are not satisfied then ones motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to ones bodily functioning. Safety Once physiological needs are met, On?s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, financial reserves and the like. According to Masons hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is in harms way, higher needs will not receive much attention. Social Needs Once a person has met the level physiological and safety needs, higher level needs become important, the first of which are social needs. Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may include: need for friends, need for belonging, and need to give and receive love. Esteem Once a person feels a sense of belonging, the need to feel important arises. Esteem needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such as self-respect and achievement. External esteem needs are those such as social status and recognition. Some esteem needs are: Self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation. Self-actualization is the summit of Measles hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching ones full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualities people tend to have needs such as: Truth, Justice, Wisdom, Meaning. Self-actualities persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energize moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Moscow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. From the given information in the above question, and the details of the Measles theory, Metastases, who is a 23-year-old single parent working for minimum wage, is trying to satisfy his/her physiological needs. Had it not men for this specific need he/she would have not worked for a minimum wage. She could have been searching for a higher paying job if its physiological needs were satisfied. Yanks, who is 60 years old, extremely wealthy and is working because he enjoys it is trying to fulfill his self-actualization needs. The fact that he goes to work for enjoyment shows that he has a choice not to work at all as all his other needs are satisfied. On the other hand, Hellion who earns a good living, is single, 45 years old and who has few interests outside of the office is tying to satisfy her Esteem needs. She might be looking for social recognition or achievement. Then. Vise it is shown that she earns a good living and also has few interests outside of the office. 3. You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe scores high in the need for achievement, Mary scores high in the need for power, and Tim scores high in the need for affiliation. Sarah scored high in the need for power and low in the need for affiliation. Doug scores low in both need for power and need for affiliation. A. Which employee would be best suited to a challenging new assignment where they would receive rapid dieback? B. And who would probably be best to leave in charge while you are on vacation? Support your answer with sufficient reason. In the early sass, Abraham Moscow created his theory of needs . This identified the basic needs that human beings have, in order of their importance: physiological needs, safety needs, and the needs for belonging self-esteem and self-actualization. Later, David McClellan built on this work in his 1 961 book, The Achieving Society. He identified three motivators that he believed we all have: a need for achievement, a need for affiliation, and a need for power. People will have different characteristics depending on their dominant motivator. According to McClellan, these motivators are learned (which is why this theory is sometimes called the Learned Needs Theory). McClellan says that, regardless of our gender, culture, or age, we all have three motivating drivers, and one of these will be our dominant motivating driver. This dominant motivator is largely dependent on our culture and life experiences. These characteristics are as follows: Dominant Motivator Characteristics of This Person Achievement Has a strong need to set and accomplish challenging goals. Takes calculated risks to accomplish their goals. Likes to receive regular feedback on their progress and achievements. Often likes to work alone. Affiliation Wants to belong to the group. Wants to be liked, and will often go along with whatever the rest of the group wants to do. Favors collaboration over competition. Doesnt like high risk or uncertainty. Power Wants to control and influence others. Likes to win arguments. Enjoys competition and winning. Enjoys status and recognition. Managing a group of people with different personalities is never easy. But if we are managing or leading a team, it is essential to know what motivates our people, how they respond to feedback and praise, and what tasks fit them well. David Miscellanys Human Motivation Theory gives us a way of identifying peoples motivating drivers. This can then help us on how to give praise and feedback effectively, assign them suitable tasks, and keep them motivated. Therefore, using this theory we can match people to jobs. Let us take a closer look at how to manage these team members who are driven by each of Miscellanys three motivators: Achievement people motivated by achievement need challenging, but not impossible, projects. They thrive on overcoming difficult problems or situations. People motivated by achievement work very effectively either alone or with other high achievers. When providing feedback, give achievers a fair and balanced appraisal. They want to know what theyre doing right -? and wrong -? so that they can improve. Affiliation People motivated by affiliation work best in a group environment and therefore it is best to integrate them with a team (versus working alone) whenever possible. They also do not like uncertainty and risk. Therefore, when assigning projects or tasks, we have to save the risky ones for other people. When providing feedback to these people, we need to be arsenal. It is still important to give balanced feedback, but if we start our appraisal by emphasizing their good working relationship and our trust in them, they will likely be more open to what we say. These people often do not want to stand out, so it might be best to praise them in private rather than in front of others. Power Those with a high need for power work best when they are in charge. Because they enjoy competition, they do well with goal-oriented projects or tasks. They may also be very effective in negotiations or in situations in which another party must be convinced of an idea or goal. When providing feedback, we need to be direct with these team members and keep them motivated by helping them further their career goals . In conclusion, those high on achievement like Joe, tend to prefer jobs with personal responsibility, feedback and moderate risks. They DO NOT always care about motivating others! Therefore, given the information in the above question We can conclude that Joe would be best suited to a challenging new assignment where he would receive rapid feedback. He had scored high in the need for achievement which means that he would strive to succeed no matter how challenging the job would be. In general, individuals high on the need for Power and low on the need for Affiliation tend to perform better in managerial roles. Thus, Sarah who had the same result as above would be the best to be left in charge while the Manager is on vacation. 4. Your colleagues at work are constantly talking about the manager in your organization. He is perceived throughout the organization as a ruthless man who is not to be antagonized. It is necessary for you to bring him a report, and you are very nervous about having to deal with him. What seems the Managers major base of power? Why? ND what is the most likely reason for the success of this manger? Explain. Power refers to the possession of authority and influence over others. Power is a tool that, depending on how it is used, can lead to either positive or negative outcomes in an organization. In 1959, American sociologists John French and Bertram Raven published an article, The Bases of Power, thats regarded as the basis for classifying power in organizations. They identified five sources of power, namely: Legitimate, Expert, Referent, Reward, and Coercive, power. Legitimate Power Legitimate power is also known as positional power. Its derived from the position a person holds in an organizations hierarchy. Job descriptions, for example, require junior workers to report to managers and give managers the power to assign duties to their juniors. For positional power to be exercised effectively, the person wielding it must be deemed to have earned it legitimately. An example of legitimate power is that held by a companys CEO. Expert power Knowledge is power. Expert power is derived from possessing knowledge or expertise in a particular area. Such people are highly valued by organizations for their problem solving skills. People who have expert power perform critical tasks and are therefore deemed indispensable. The opinions, ideas and decisions of people with expert power are held in high regard by other employees and hence greatly influence their actions. Possession of expert power is normally a stepping stone to other sources of power such as legitimate power. For example, a person who holds expert power can be promoted to senior management, thereby giving him legitimate power. Referent Power Referent power is derived from the interpersonal relationships that a person cultivates with other people in the organization. people possess reference power when Others respect and like them. Referent power arises from charisma, as the charismatic person influences others Via the admiration, respect and trust others have for her. Referent power is also derived from personal connections that a person has with key people in the organizations hierarchy, such as the CEO. Its the perception of the personal relationships that she has that generates her power over others. Reward Power Reward power arises from the ability of a person to influence the allocation of incentives in an organization. These incentives include salary increments, positive appraisals and promotions. In an organization, people who wield reward power tend to influence the actions of other employees. Reward power, if used well, greatly motivates employees. But if its applied through favoritism, reward power can greatly demoralize employees and diminish their output. Coercive Power Coercive power is derived from a persons ability to influence others via threats, punishments or sanctions. A junior staff member may work late to meet a deadline to avoid disciplinary action from his boss. Coercive power is, therefore, a persons ability to punish, fire or reprimand another employee. Coercive power helps control the behavior of employees by ensuring that they adhere to the organizations policies and norms. Coercive power rests in the ability of a manager to force an employee to comply with an order through the threat of punishment. Coercive power typically leads to short-term compliance, but in the long-run produces dysfunctional behavior. Coercion reduces employees satisfaction with their jobs, leading to lack of commitment and general employee withdrawal. Given the information in the question above, the Managers major base of power is Coercive power. The most likely reason for the success of this manager is hat his subordinates fear negative sanctions if they fail to comply. Case Questions case 1 Differing Perceptions at Coloration Industries Susan Harrington continued to drum her fingers on her desk. She had a real problem and wasnt sure what to do next. She had a lot of confidence in Jack Reed, but she suspected she was about the last person in the office who did. Perhaps if she ran through the entire story again in her mind she would see the solution. Susan had been distribution manager for Coloration Industries for almost twenty years. An early brush with the law and a short stay in prison ad made her realize the importance of honesty and hard work. Henry Coloration had given her a chance despite her record, and Susan had made the most of it. She now Was one of the most respected managers in the company. Few people knew her background. Susan had hired Jack Reed fresh out of prison six months ago. Susan understood how Jack felt when Jack tried to explain his past and asked for another chance. Susan decided to give him that chance just as Henry Coloration had given her one. Jack eagerly accepted a job on the loading docks and could soon load a truck as fast as anyone in the crew. Things had gone well at first. Everyone seemed to like Jack, and he made several new friends. Susan had been vaguely disturbed about two months ago, however, when another dock worker reported his wallet missing. She confronted Jack about this and was reassured when Jack understood her concern and earnestly but calmly asserted his innocence. Susan was especially relieved when the wallet was found a few days later. The events Of last week, however, had caused serious trouble. First, a new personnel clerk had come across records about Jacks past while updating employee files. Assuming that the information was common knowledge, the clerk had mentioned to several employees what a good thing it was to give ex-convicts like Jack a chance. The next day, someone in bookkeeping discovered some money missing from petty cash. Another worker claimed to have seen Jack in the area around the office strongbox, which was open during working hours, earlier that same day. Most people assumed Jack was the thief. Even the worker whose wallet had been misplaced suggested that perhaps Jack had indeed stolen it but had returned it when questioned. Several employees had approached Susan and requested that Jack be fired.

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